Index Chapter 9.

Access generally	59	Fall of private sewers.	67
to back-drop	74	Fittings minimum drop to	63
to branch sewers	75	prohibited of	26
to cisterns and tanks in roof	61	support of	66
to pipes and connections	60	threaded.	27
to public sewer	76	Floors, impervious	57 and 64
to ramps.	74	Flushing cisterns.	10
to sewers	73 and 76	Valves	11
Anti-siphon pipes	44	Gradient of
branch vents and	42	anti-siphon pipes	41
gradient of vents and	41	vents	41
Approval certificate	96	Gratings	14
Asphaltic compound	31	Grease traps	23 and 53
Basins, catch	58	location	57
Branch sewers, access to	74	Gullies dish, trapped	54
vents.	42	location	57
Buildings, sewers within or under	71	trapped	24
Capacities of horizontal pipes.	36 and Table V	trapped, dish	54
vertical pipes	36 and Table VI	Gutters, rainwater	85
Cast-iron sewer pipes, traps and associated fittings	21	Hangers, strap and ring	18
Catch basins	58	Horizontal pipes capacities of	36
Certificate of approval	96	distinction between vertical and	35
Cisterns access to and replacement of	61	Impervious floors.	57 and 64
flushing	10	Interconnection of vents from soil and waste fittings	43
in roof, access to	61	Intermediate traps in sewers.	56
Cleaning of sewerage and plumbing system before use	92	Interpretation of terms	1
Connection of private drains prohibited	84	Jointing of sewers and fittings	30
Connections access to	60	Joints in sewers	69
compulsory	2	Junctions to sewers	68
with down-pipes prohibited	87	Line of private sewers.	67
Conserving tanks	81	Maintenance of private sewers	6
Construction and laying of private and combined private sewers.	67-77	Manholes construction of size of	77 77
of septic tank	79	Minimum number of sanitary fittings required for buildings	Table I
Design of septic tank	79	Outlets, ventilation	40
Discharge from sanitary fittings, rates of	34 and Table IV	Overflow, waste	29
swimming baths	91	Pipes access to	60
Disconnection of soil-water fittings	5	and associated fittings	19 and 20
Disposal of effluent from septic tanks	80	and associated fittings, cast-iron	21
Down-pipes connection with, prohibited.	87	anti-siphon	44
rainwater.	85	built-in for rainwater	88
Drain-pipes and associated fittings of materials other than cast-iron	20	general	17
Drainage for stables, etc..	83	minimum size of	38
Drain layers license	4	tapered	22
Electrolyte action	65 and 85	Piping, support of	66
Execution of sewerage and plumbing work	4	Plumber’s license	4
		Plumbing system cleaning of, before use	92
Prohibited fittings	26	Plumbing work	4
sanitary fittings	16	Private disposal plants general	78
Protection of		Private drains size of	86
soil-water traps	45	Private sewers changes in direction	67
waste-water traps	47	Construction and laying of	67-77
Public sewer, access to	76	Maintenance of	6
Rainwater built-in pipes for	88
down-pipes.	85	Soil-water fittings disconnection of	5
gutters	85	traps in	50
Ramps, access to	74	ventilation of	46
Resealing-traps	25	Soil-water traps, protection of	45
Ring hangers	18	Solder	32
Sanitary fittings general	8	Stables, etc., drainage for	83
having plugs or stoppers	15	Stable-traps location	57
prohibited	16
rates of discharge from	34	Stormwater drains, sewage not to flow into	90
required	7 and Table I	not to flow into sewers and septic tanks	89
Seal preservation of traps	55	Strap hangers	18
Seals in fitting traps	28	Support of piping and fittings	66
Septic tank, design and construction of	79	Swimming-baths, discharge from	91
Septic tanks.		Tanks conserving	81
disposal of effluent from	80	in roof, access to	61
general	78	Tapered pipes.	22
stormwater not to flow into	89	Tests	95
Sewage lifts	82	Threaded fittings	27
not to flow into drains	90	Trapped dish gullies	54
Sewer access to	73	gullies	24
and drain-pipes and associated fittings of materials other than cast iron	20	gully, waste water to discharge into	51
		Traps and associated fittings	21
pipes, traps and associated fittings, cast iron.	21	grease	23, 53
Sewerage work.	4	in waste-water fittings	49
Sewers depth of cover to	72	intermediate in sewers	56
inlets to, to be trapped	52	resealing.	25
joints in	69	seal preservation of	55
junctions to	68	seals in fitting.	28
on bad ground	70	silt	58
on made-up ground	70	soil-water	50
protection of	72	Urinals	13
stormwater not to flow into	89	Valves, flushing	11
within or under buildings	71
Silt traps	58
Single-stack systems	48	Ventilation general	39
Size of private drains	86	of soil-water fittings	46
private sewers	67	outlets	40
rainwater down-pipes	85	Vent-pipes and associated fittings	19
rainwater gutters	85
Sizes, minimum of pipes	38	Vents branch	42
Slop hoppers	12	diameter and length	Table VII
Soil-pipes position and accessibility	62	from soil and waste fittings, inter-connection of	43
Soil, waste- and vent-pipes and associated fittings	19	gradient of	41
		Vertical pipes capacities of	37 and table VI
		distinction between horizontal and	35
		Waste overflow	29
		Waste-pipes and associated fittings	19
		Waste water fittings, traps in	49
		to discharge into trapped gully	51
		traps, protection of	47
		Water-closet bowls	9

Drainage and Sewerage.

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

PRELIMINERY

Interpretation of terms.

PART I
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS IN RESPECT OF SEWERAGE AND PLUMBING WORK

2 Premises to be sewered.

Application for connexion.

Execution of sewerage and plumbing work.

5. Disconnexion of soil-water fittings.

6. Maintenance of private sewers.

7. Sanitary fittings required.

PART II
QUALITY AND DESIGN OF SANITARY FITTINGS, PIPING AND ACCESSORIES
A. MATERIALS: SANITARY FITTINGS

8.General.
9.Water-closet bowls.
10.Flushing-cisterns.

11.Flushing-valves.

12.Stop-hoppers.

13.Urinals.

14.Gratings.

15.Sanitary fittings having plugs or stoppers.

16. Prohibited sanitary fittings.

B. MATERIALS: PIPES, TRAPS AND ASSOCIATED FITTINGS

17.General.

18.Strap hangers and ring hangers.

19.Soil-pipes, waste-pipes and vent-pipes and associated fittings.

20.Sewer-pipes and drain-pipes and associated fittings of materials other than cast iron.

21.Cast iron sewer-pipes, traps and associated fittings.

22.Tapered pipes.

23. Grease-traps.

24. Trapped gullies.

25. Resealing-traps.

26. Prohibited fittings.

27. Threaded fittings.

28. Seals in fitting-traps.

29.Waste overflow.

30. Jointing.

31.Asphaltic compound.

32.Solder.

C. DISCHARGE CAPACITIES AND SIZES OF PIPES AND SEWERS

33.Discharge units.
34.Rates of discharge from sanitary fittings.
35. Distinction between horizontal and vertical
pipes.

36.Capacities of horizontal pipes.

37.Capacities of vertical pipes.

38.Minimum size of pipes, etc.

PART III
CONSTRUCTION AND FIXING OF SOIL PIPES AND WASTE-PIPES AND FITTINGS

39. Vents: general.

40.Ventilation outlets.

41.Gradient of vents and anti-siphon pipes.

42. Branch vents and anti-siphon pipes.

43.Interconnexion of vents from soil- and waste- fittings.

44.Anti-siphon pipes.

45.Protection of soil-water traps.

46. Ventilation of soil-water fittings.

47. Protection of waste-water traps.

48. Single-stack systems.

B. TRAPS AND GULLIES

49.Traps in waste-water fittings.

50. Traps in soil-water fittings.

51.Waste water to discharge into trapped gully.

52.Inlets to sewers to be trapped.

53.Grease-traps.

54.Trapped dish-gullies.

55.Seal preservation of traps.

56.Intermediate traps in sewers.
57., Location of gullies, grease-traps and stable-
traps.

58.Silt-traps and catch-basins.

C. ACCESS

59.Access generally.

60.Access to pipes and connections.

61Access to, and replacement of, cisterns and tanks in roof structures and enclosed positions.

D. GENERAL

62.Position and accessibility of soil-pipes.

63.Minimum drop to fittings.
64.Impervious floors.

65.Electrolytic action.

66.Support of piping and fittings.

PART IV
CONSTRUCTION AND LAYING OF PRIVATE AND COMBINED PRIVATE SEWERS

67. Size, fall, line and changes in direction.

68. Junctions to sewers.

69.Joints in sewers.

70.Sewers on bad or made-up ground.

71. Sewers within or under buildings.

72.Depth of cover to, and protection of, sewers.

73. Access to sewers.

74.Access to ramps or back-drops.

75.Access to branch sewers.

76.Access to sewers and public sewers.

77. Construction and size of manholes.

SEPTIC TANKS AND PRIVATE DISPOSAL PLANTS

78.General.

79.Septic tank: design and construction.

80. Percolation tests for soak-aways for disposal of effluent from septic tanks.

81.Conserving-tanks

82.Sewage lifts.

83.Drainage for stables, etc.

PART VI
STORM-WATER DRAINAGE AND USE OF SEWERS

84.Connection of private drains to public drains prohibited.

85.Rain-water gutters and down-pipes.

86. Size of private drains.

87.Connections with down-pipes prohibited.
88.Built-in pipes for rain-water.
89.Storm-water not to flow into sewers and septic
tanks.
90.Sewage not to flow into drains or storm- water channels.

91.Discharge from swimming-baths.

PART VII
CLEANING, INSPECTION AND TESTING

92.Cleaning of plumbing and sewerage system before use.

93.Material and labor

94. Defective material or workmanship

95. Tests

96. Approval Certificate

1.INTEPRETATION OF TERMS

“anti-siphon pipe” means any pipe provided in conjunction with a trap in the sanitary fitting to prevent unsealing of the trap by siphonage or black-pressure;

“business building” means any building occupied for the transaction of business or for the rendering of professional services, and includes any building occupied for the display or sale of goods, wares or merch anise, or for the performance of work or labor, and, without in any way limiting scope of this definition, includes-

bakeries;
banks;
cafes;
creameries;
electricity substations;
factories;
ice-plants;
laboratories;
laundries; office buildings;
petrol-filing stations;
power-plants;
radio-stations;
restaurants;
telephone exchanges;
workshops;

“drainlayer” means a person undertaking sewerage work;

“institutional building” means any building primarily used for housing persons receiving medical, charitable or other care or treatment, or in which persons are involuntarily detained, and, without in any way limiting the scope of this definition, includes-

creches;
home for aged;
hospitals;
infirmaries;
maternity homes;
mental hospitals;
nursing homes;
nursery schools;
orphanages;
sanatoria;

“junction” means a pipe-junction for the purpose of receiving a private drain or private sewer or a connexion from such a drain or sewer;

“one pipe system” means the system of piping between sanitary fittings and a private sewer, in which both waste and soil-water are permitted to flow down a common stack;

“plumber” means a person undertaking plumbing work;

“plumbing system” means the system for the conveyance of the water-supply within the boundary of any premises to the various sanitary fittings on such premises, and for the conveyance of waste water, soil water or other waste liquid to the private sewer or combined private sewer.

“plumbing work” means work in connexion with the installation, alteration, repair or maintenance of a plumbing system;

“public building” means any building used of intended to be used by persons congregating for civic, political, educational, religious, culture, social or recreational purposes, or for purposes of sport and, without in any way limiting the scope of this definition, includes-

armouries;
assembly halls;
auditoria;
bath-houses;
bowling alleys;
cinemas;
club-rooms;
colleges and schools (non-residential);
dance halls;
drill-halls;
exhibition buildings;
grand stands;
gymnasia;
lecture-halls;
libraries;
lodge-rooms;
museums;
passenger-stations;
public swimming-baths;
skating-rinks;
stadia;
theatres;

“residential building” means any building, other han an institutional building, which provides sleeping-accommodation for persons, and, without in any way limiting the scope of this definition, includes-

boarding-houses;
convents;
dormitories;
dwellings;
hostels;
hotels;
lodging-houses;
residential clubs;
residential schools and colleges;

“septic tank” means any covered tank, complete with effluent overflow, intended to receive sewage and designed to retain such sewage for such a time and in such a manner as to secure adequate decomposition of organic solids by bacterial action;

“sewage” means waste water, soil-water or other liquid waste, excluding the water mentioned in the definitions of “private drain” and “public drain” in the Urban Councils Act [Chapter 214];

“sewer” means an underground pipe used for conveying sewage, and includes all other things necessary in connexion therewith. Where “sewer” occurs in this chapter, it shall, unless the contrary intention appears from the context, be constructed as meaning a private sewer or combined private sewer.

“sewer connexion” means that portion of a pipe which is provided to connect a private sewer or combined private sewer with a public sewer and the ownership of which is vested in the local authority;

“sewerage work” means work in connexion with installation, maintenance, alteration or repair of private sewers or combined private sewers, but shall not include work on sanitary fittings, stack pipes, rain-water pies or rain gutters;

“single-stack system” means a system in which grouped appliances discharge into a single soil and waste stack, and all traps are unventilated;

“soil-pipe” means a pipe for conveying soil water from the trap or outlet of a soil-water fitting to a private sewer or combined private sewer;

“soil-water fittings” means all fittings directly appurtenant to the discharge of soil-water, including water-closets, urinals, bidets, slop-hoppers and similar fittings;

“stack” means any vertical or inclined line of waste or soil-piping, or a combination of both, and the branches connected thereto, which conveys the flow of liquid from waste or soil-pipes to any gully-trap, channel or sewer, including any vent used in connexion therewith,

“trade or industrial premises” means any premises used or intended to be used for carrying on any trade, manufacture or industry, and which produce a trade effluent;

“trap” means any pipe or fitting so bent or formed that it retains a quality of liquid part of which forms a seal or barrier to the passage of air or gas;

“two-pipe system” means the system of piping between sanitary fittings and a private sewer or combined private sewer wherein separate stacks are used to connect soil and waste fittings and on which the waste water system is completely disconnected from the soil water system;

“ventilation-pipe” or “vent pipe” means any pipe or portion of a pipe fitted vertically or at an incline, and provided solely to ventilate a sewerage system and to prevent trap siphonage or back pressure;

“waste-pipe” means any pipe connected to any waste-water fitting and used for the conveyance of waste water to any gully-trap, floor-channel or waste or soil-stack, but doe not include any fitting, gully channel or sewer into which such waste-pipe may discharge;

“waste-sewer” means such part of a private sewer or combined private sewer as compromises under ground piping and is used or intended to be used for conveyance of waste water only;

“waste-water fittings” means all fittings directly appurtenant to the discharge of waste water, and includes baths, wash basins, gullies, sinks and all other fittings which sub serve a similar purpose.

2. PREMISES TO BE SEWERED

(1) Whenever, in the opinion of the local authority, an adequate water-supply is available, every residential, institutional, business and public building shall be provided with a plumbing system and sanitary fittings discharging into-

a) a public sewer (if available); or

b) if a public sewer is not available, into a septic tank or a conserving-tank or other approved means of sewerage-disposal.

(2) Subject to the provisions of subsections(3) and (4), the sewerage system of any premises shall be separate and distinct from the sewerage system of every other premises.

(3) In the case of any group or block of buildings, a combined private sewer may be permitted, subject to the approval of the local authority.

(4) In any case referred to in subsection (3), the local authority shall have the right to carry out all, or any portion of, the work, and to recover the cost of construction from the various owners, apportioned by the local authority, in such a manner as it may deem to be just.

3.APPLICATION FOR CONNECTION

Application for approval of plans to undertake any sewerage work in terms of section 5 of Chapter 2, shall where applicable, constitute application for a connexion to a public sewer or a public drain:

Provided that where such application relates to trade or industrial premises, special application for permission to discharge any trade effluent into a public sewer or drain shall be made to the local authority on the form provided by the local authority for the purpose.

4. EXECUTION OF SEWERAGE AND PLUMBING WORK

Where the local authority has made by-laws providing for the examination and licensing or plumbers and drainlayers, no person other a plumber or drainlayer, licensed under such by-laws, shall undertake and plumbing or sewerage work as the case may be other than replacement, rewashering and repacking of taps and ball-valves, cleaning the waste-pipe of a sanitary fitting and the clearance of obstructions in private sewers.

5. DISCONNECTION OF SOIL WATER FITTINGS

(1) Where a soil-water fitting is removed, all pipes thereby thrown into disuse shall be removed, or all openings shall be effectively and durably sealed. The owner of the premises upon which such work is carried out, shall, after its completion, notify the local authority thereof writing.

(2) Where so required by the local authority, the owner of any premises shall, at his own expense, effectively seal the opening of any sewer or drain situated on his premises, and shall maintain such seals until permission for their removal has been given, in writing, by the local authority.

6. MAINTANENCE OF PRIVATE SEWERS

(1) The owner of any premises shall efficiently maintain repair, cleanse and keep clean, the entire plumbing system and all private sewers on such premises up to but not including the sewer connexion, and shall clear all obstructions in sewer connexions.

(2) In all cases where any person makes, alters or otherwise deals with any sewerage or drainage system in such a manner as to contravene any of these by-laws, or allows or causes any portion of the sewerage or drainage system, for the proper maintenance of which he is responsible, to fall into bad or defective condition , or to become obstructed, such person on receiving notice from the local authority, shall remake, alter, repair, cleanse or remove any obstruction from such sewerage or drainage system within such period as is specified by the notice.

(3) Where the premises of more than one owner are served by a combined private sewer, the owners shall be jointly and severally responsible for maintaining, cleansing or repairing such combined private sewer.

7. SANITARY FITTINGS REQUIRED

(1) Subject to any other law requiring a greater number of sanitary fittings, every residential, institutional, business or public building, categorized in Table I, shall be provided with atleast the number of sanitary fittings shown in Table I, and, in addition, the requirements of the following subsections shall be compiled with.

(2) Rooms provided in buildingd other than dwellings, in which sanitary fittings are installed which are intended for the use of more than one more person at ant time, shall be restricted to one sex only.

(3) Whenever water-closet compartments or bathrooms are provided in a building other than a dwellings, and each such compartment or bathroom forms part of a room, then each such compartment or bathroom shall be fitted with an opaque door capable of closing the door-aperture to a height of not less than two metres may be left between the bottom of such door and the floor:

Provided that the local authority may, in its discretion, permit the omission of the door to such compartment or bathroom.

(4) Where any bedroom is provided with its own sanitary fittings, such fittings and the persons served thereby shall not be taken into account when the number of such fittings, required by Table I to be installed, is determined.

MINIMUM NUMBER OF SANITARY FITTINGS REQUIRED FOR BUILDINGS
Notes.-

1. Except where specific requirements for different sexes are shown the number of fittings required is related to members of each sex. Where members of each sex are not known it will be accepted as 50 per cent. male and 50 per cent. female.

2.The figures shown for the number of persons for which fittings are required are to be construed as if the words “or remaining portion thereof” had been inserted after the figures.

3.The persons for which sanitary fittings are to be provided are the maximum number which may be expected to occupy the building at any one time.

4.In accordance with the provisions of subsection (5) of section 7, specially designed water-closet compart ments for physically handicapped people are required to be provided in every place of assembly, unless written exemption is obtained from the local authority.

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls		Wash basins
Used By	Number of Person	Number of Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal	Number of persons	Number of basins
Male or	First 75 thereafter 76 -400	1 per 15 1 per 25 1 per 50	6 and over	1 per 25	First 75 thereafter 76 -400	1 per 15 1 per 25 1 per 50
Female	thereafter 401 and over				thereafter 401 and over

Category B-Banks, laboratories, office buildings, electricity sub-stations, factories, ice plants, power plants, radio stations, telephone exchanges and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls		Wash basins
Used By	Number of Person	Number of Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal	Number of persons	Number of basins
Male or	First 60 thereafter 61 an dover	1 per 15 1 per 30	6 and over	1 per 25	First 60 thereafter 61 an dover	1 per 30 1 per 50
Female	thereafter 401 and over				thereafter 401 and over

Category C-Hospitals, maternity and nursing homes, homes for the aged, infirmaries, mental hospitals, reformatories, sanatoria and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal Stalla		Wash Basins		Baths or Showers
Used By	Number of Person	Number of Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal	Number of persons	Number of basins	Number of Person	Number of showers
Male or female	First 50 thereafter 51 and over	1 per 10 1 per 15	First 6 to 30 thereafter 31 and over	1 per 15 1 per 30	First 32 thereafter 33 and over	1 per 8 1 per 15	First 30 thereafter 31 and over	1 per 15 1 per 30

Category D-Colleges and schools (non-residential), creches, nursery schools and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls		Wash Basins
Used by	Number of Person	Number of Water Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal	Number of Person	Number of Basins
Male	First 50 thereafter 51 and over	1 per 25 1 per 50	First 6 to 50 thereafter 51 and over	1 per 25 1 per 50	First 50 thereafter 51 and over	1 per 50 1 per 100
Female	First 60 thereafter 61 an dover	1 per 20 1 per 30	–	–	First 60 thereafter 61 an dover	1 per 30 1 per 60

Category E-Bars, bowling alleys, billiard rooms, exhibition buildings, cafes, canteens, casinos, club-rooms, dance halls, dining-rooms, gymnasia, lounges, nightclubs, restaurants, skating rinks, public swimming baths, drill halls, passenger stations and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls
Used by	Number of Person	Number of Water Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal
Male	First 100 101 and over	1 per 100 1 per 100	First 100 101 and over	1 per 50 1 per 50
Female	First 100 101 and over	1 per 50 1 per 50	–	–

Category F-Armories, art galleries, bath-houses, auditoria, clinics, galleries, libraries, lodge rooms, museums and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls
Used by	Number of Person	Number of Water Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal
Male	First 100 thereafter 101 and over	1 per 100 1 per 200	First 100 thereafter 101 and over	1 per 100 1 per 100
Female	First 100 thereafter 101 and over	1 per 50 1 per 100	–	–

Category G-Arenas, grandstands, stadía and buildings of a similar nature. (Applicable to spectators only.)

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls
Used by	Number of Person	Number of Water Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal
Male	First 250 thereafter 251 to 500 thereafter 501 to 1000 thereafter 1001 to 2000 thereafter 2001 and over	1 per 125 1 per 250 1 per 500 1 per 1000 1 per 2500	First 500 thereafter 501 to 1000 thereafter 1001 to 2000 thereafter 2001 and over	1 per 50 1 per 100 1 per 200 1 per 200
Female	First 200 thereafter 201 to 700 thereafter 701 to 1700 thereafter 1701 and over	1 per 40 1 per 100 1 per 250 1 per 500	–	–

Category H-Assembly halls, broadcasting and television studios, cinemas, concert rooms, opera houses, theatres and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal stalls
Used By	Number of Person	Number of Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal
Male or	First 100 thereafter 101 and over	1 per 50 1 per 200	First 100 thereafter 101 and over	1 per 25 1 per 50
Female	First 99 thereafter 101 and over	1 per 33 1 per 100	–	–

Categories E, F, G and H above

Wash Basins males		Wash Basins Females
From 1 -150	1	From 1 -100	1
From 151 -300	2	From 101 -250	2
From 301 -600	3	From 251 -500	3
From 601 -1000	4	From 501 upwards for 400 add	1
From 1001 upwards for 100o add	1

Category I-Places of worship. A minimum of one water-closet and one wash-basin to be provided for each sex, but, if any part of a place of worship is used as a place of general public assembly, e.g. a church hall, such additional number of water- closets and wash-basins shall be provided as may be required in any particular case by the local authority.

Category J-Boarding houses, convents, dormitories, hostels, hotels, lodging houses, residential clubs, residential schools, colleges, orphanages and buildings of a similar nature.

	Water Closets		Urinal Stalla		Wash Basins		Baths or Showers
Used By	Number of Person	Number of Closets	Number of Person	Number of Urinal	Number of persons	Number of basins	Number of Person	Number of showers
Male	First 36 thereafter 37 and over	1 per 12 1 per 20	First 6 to 30 thereafter 31 and over	1 per 15 1 per 30	First 40 thereafter 41 and over	1 per 8 1 per 15	First 24 thereafter 25 and over	1 per 15 1 per 30
Female	First 30 thereafter 31 and over	1 per 10 1 per 15	–	–	as above	as above	as above	as above

Water-closets. 1 per unit of accommodation.

Wash-basins 1 per unit of accommodation.

Baths or showers 1 per unit of accommodation

(5) Unless written exemption is obtained from the local authority, every place of assembly as defined in Chapter 11, to which access is provided for physically handicapped people, shall be provided with at least one water-closet compartment for each sex for use by physically handicapped people either separately or within other toilet accommodation, and the following requirements shall be compiled with in respect of each compartment-

a) the compartment shall be accessible by lift or ramp having a slope not exceeding 1 in 12 from the place of assembly;

b) the width of the entrance door to the compartment shall be not less than 870 millimeters and shall open outwards;

c) the width of the compartment shall be not less than 1350 millimetres;

d) a firm horizontal bar shall be provided 900 millimetres from ground-level either on the wall immediately adjacent to the water-closet or as attachment to the pan; and

e) all handles and locking devices to doors shall be fitted 900 millimetres from ground-level.

8. GENERAL

(1) All sanitary fittings shall be substantially made, shall be constructed of corrosion-resistant material, shall be impermeable to water, and shall be finished with a smooth, free from all flaws or blemishes.

(2) All sanitary fittings may, prior to their being put into use, be tested by, and shall be subject to, the approval of the local authority.

(3) No soil-water fittings shall be encased in wood other than absorbent material.

(4) All soil-water fittings shall be of vitrified earthenware, glazed porcelain, fire-clay or vitreous china, all having a glazed finish, or shall be of any approved impervious material.

(5) All waste-water fittings shall be of materials specified in subsection (4) or of cast iron, enamelled mild steel or stainless alloy.

(6) The provisions of this section shall not apply to sanitary fittings already installed at the date on which it comes into operation unless such fittings are in, at the said date, or thereafter have fallen into, such a condition that their continued use constitutes or is likely to continue a nuisance or a health hazard.

9. WATER-CLOSET BOWLS

(1) Waste-closet bowls and associated traps, if made of ceramic material, shall comply with S.A.B.S 497, Glazed ceramic sanitaryware.

(2) Any pad inserted between the base of the bowl and the floor shall be of non-absorbent material.

(3) Non-absorbent seat rims or hinge seats shall be fitted to such bowls except in case of squat pans.

10.FLUSING -CISTERNS

(1) Every water-closet, urinal or slop-hopper shall be flushed by means of an approved flushing-valve or a flushing cistern complying with S.A.B.S. 497, or with S.A.B.S 821, W.C. flushing cisterns.

(2) When coupled to a wash-down pan, the cistern shall have the following maximum flushing-times-

High-level cistern Low-level cistern

9,1 litres: 6 seconds 9,1 litres: 7 seconds
11,4 litres: 7,5 seconds 11,4 litres: 8,5 seconds
13,6 litres: 8,5 seconds 13,6 litres: 10 seconds

(3) Such cisterns, other than the automatic-discharge type, shall be fitted with an approved water-waste preventer-valve or siphon and with a ball-valve complying with S.A.B.S. 752, Ballvalves.

(4) The overflow pipe shall terminate in a position, to the approval of the local authority, where an overflow can be readily noticed and will not result in damage to the building.

11. FLUSHING -VALVES

(1) Where flushing-valves are used, they shall deliver, automatically, a volume of water not less than, and at a rate not less than, that prescribed for flushing cisterns.

(2) Adequate measures shall be taken to prevent a back siphonage from the soil-water fittings into the water-supply, which measures may consist of either a completely separate tank of sufficient capacity and height to secure satisfactory operation or an anti-siphonage device integral with the valve approved by the local authority.

12. SLOP-HOPPERSSLOP-HOPPERS

(1) All slop-hoppers shall be fitted with approved hinged corrosion-resistant metal gratings having openings not exceeding 20 millimetres in width.

(2) The water-line shall be just below such grating, and the area of the surface of the water shall be not less than the area of the spigot outlet of the fitting.

(3) A second movable grating for the support of receptacles shall be used above the other, and shall have openings not less than 75 millimetres in width.

(4) Slop-hoppers shall not be constructed in two pieces unless the junction is above the water-line of the trap and the joint is constructed to render it firm and watertight.

13. URINALS

(1) Where urinals are manufactured from fire-clay or stainless steel, they shall comply with S.A.B.S 924, Stainless steel stall urinals, respectively.

(2) The bottom of the urinal shall be evenly graded to an outlet trap of an internal diameter of not less than 75 millimetres, and shall be provided with an efficient corrosion-resistant hinged domical metal grating of such size as to be capable of rapidly and efficiently clearing the contents of the urinal, including the flush discharge.

(3) Where urinals are not separated into single units, each 500 millimetres of length of such urinal shall be taken as being equivalent to a urinal unit.

(4) Where basin urinals are used they shall-

a) be trapped at the outlet of the fitting and the outlet pipe shall be carried from the trap at a suitable fall to discharge into a soil stack or private sewer; or

b) discharge through vertical outlet pipes, without the interposition of a trap into a glazed floor channel leading to a trap.

(5) Where urinal stalls are in ranges, or where they are not separated into single units, the invert of the channel or of the urinal range may be evenly graded to a common outlet trap complete with hinged gratings as for a single-stall urinals, but , in such cases, the outlet trap shall be not less than 100 millimetres in internal diameter.

(6) Where conditions prevent the lip of a urinal stall or channel from finishing flush with the floor, the urinal shall be provided with a step of a height and width approved by the local authority.

(7) Where required by the local authority, a separate trap shall be provided for each stall.

14. GRATINGS

. Approved gratings shall be fitted to all outlets from waste-water fittings, and all such gratings shall be of size and so constructed as to ensure ample outlet space for the rapid and efficient discharge of the water or other liquid contained in such fittings.

15. SANITARY FITTINGS HAVING PLUGS OR STOPERS

Sanitary fittings having plugs or stoppers shall comply with the requirements of S.A.B.S. 497, and shall be so constructed that water cannot remain in the overflow when the fitting is empty.

16. PROHIBITED SANITARY FITTINGS

No sanitary fittings and no other device of any kind whatsoever shall be installed nor shall any type of construction be resorted to which will, or will be likely to, provide any cross-connexion between a water-distribution system and any part of a plumbing system of such a nature as to render possible back flow or siphonage from sanitary fitting or other device into such water distribution system.

17. GENERAL

(1) All pipes, traps and associated fittings shall be free from defects and shall comply with the requirements of this section.

(2) All drain-pipes, sewer-pipes, soil-pipes, bends, junctions and associated fittings shall be of glazed earthenware, asbestos cement, U.P.V.C., concrete, pitch-impregnated fibre, cast iron or other approved material.

(3) All waste-pipes and vent-pies shall be of cast iron, galvanized steel, drawn lead, copper, brass, asbestos-cement, U.P.V.C. or other approved material.

(4) Where U.P.V.C. pipes are used in any building exceeding two storeys, such pipes shall not be exposed to direct sunlight.

(5) All pipes, traps and associated fittings shall be of the same material in any one sewerage system or plumbing system, and specifically designed for the purpose of their use:

Provided that a change from one material to another may be made with fittings made specifically for that purpose.

(6) All traps shall be of glazed earthenware, porcelain, vitreous china, lead, brass, copper, cast iron, galvanized mild steel or stainless alloy or other approved material, or shall be porcelain-enamelled inside.

(7) All traps shall have smooth interior water-ways of full sized bore and except in the case of resealing traps, their nominal inside diameter shall be not less than the outlet diameter of the sanitary fittings or the sewer pipes to which they are connected.

Prohibited Sanitary Fittings

18. STRAP HANGERS AND RING HANGERS

Strap hangers and ring hangers used in accordance with section 66 shall be of-

a) corrosion-resistant metal; and

b) heavy pattern;

and shall be securely attached to the building construction.

19. SOIL-PIPES, WASTE-PIPES AND VENT-PIPES AND ASSOCIATED FITTINGS

(1) Soil-pipes, waste-pipes and vent-pipes and fittings of cast iron, copper, asbestos-cement or unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (U.P.V.C.) shall comply with the relevant standard specifications as follows-

a) S.A.B.S. 460 Copper and copper alloy tubing;

b) S.A.B.S. 721 Asbestos cement soil, waste , and ventilating pipes and fittings;

c) S.A.B.S 746 Cast iron soil, waste water, and ventilating pipes and fittings;

d) C.A.S. No K32 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (U.P.V.C.) soil, waste, and vent-pipes and fittings.

(2) Soil-pipes, waste-pipes , vent-pipes and associated fittings of galvanized steel, lead or copper shall conform to the requirements of Table II

TABLE II
THICKNESSES AND MASSES OF GALVANIZED STEEL, LEAD AND COPPER SOIL-PIPES, WASTE, PIPES AND VENT-PIPES

1	2	3	4	5
	Galvanized steel	Lead		Copper
Nominal Size	Minimum thickness millimeters	Minimum mass Kilogram per meter	Minimum mass Kilogram per meter	Minimum thickness millimeters
32 40 50	3,25 3,25 3,65	3,14 3,61 5,1	4,46 5,46 5,95	1,22 1,22 1,22
65 80 90	3,65 4,05 4,05	6,51 8,47 9,72	7,44 8,93 12,90	1,22 1,42 1,42
100 125 150	4,5 4,85 4,85	12,1 16,2 19,2	13,88 23,81 29,76	1,63 – –

(3) All installations of umplastized polyvinyl chloride pipes shall comply with S.A.B.S. 0112.

20. SEWER-PIPES AND DRAIN-PIPES AND ASSOCIATED FITTINGS OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN CAST IRON

(1) All swer-pipes and drain-pipes and fittings of glazed earthenware, asbestos-cement, pitch-impregnated fibre, concrete or U.P.V.C shall comply with the relevant standard specifications as follows-

a) C.A.S. No A16 Earthenware drain and sewer pipes and fittings;

b) S.A.B.S. 676 Reinforced concrete pressure pipes;

c) C.A.S. No. A17 Concrete pipes ( non pressure)

d) S.A.B.S 819 Asbestos cement sewer-pipes;

e) S.A.B.S. 921 Pitch-impregnated fibre pipes and couplings;

f) C.A.S. No. K28 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (U.P.V.C. ) sewer and drain pipes and fittings.

(2) All installations of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes shall comply with S.A.B.S. 0112.

21. CAST IRON SEWER PIPES, TRAPS AND ASSOCIATED FITTINGS

(1) All cast iron sewer-pipes, traps and associated fittings shall be sound , neatly dressed castings which are dark grey on fracture and capable of being easily drilled, tapped and files.

(2) The pipes shall be true, smooth, cylindrical and straight, and their inner and outer surfaces shall be as nearly as practicable concentric.

(3) The pipes shall ring clearly when tested for soundness by being struck all over with a light hand hammer.

(4) All such pipes, traps and associated fittings shall be effectively protected against corrosion by being coated on both the inside and the outside with a suitable corrosion-resistant bitumen, tar or other approved compound.

(5) The thickness of such pipes, traps and associated fittings, and the mass, internal depth of socket and caulking space of pipes, shall be as set out in Table III.

22. TAPERED PIPES

(1) Tapered pipes complying with the requirements of C.A.S. No A16 shall be used when directly increasing in size of an earthenware sewer.

(2) The diameter of the ends of such tapered pipes shall correspond to the diameter of the pipes to which they are connected, and the gradient of such larger pipe shall not be decreased unless the soffit of the taper pipe is in line with that of the smaller pipe and on the same gradient.

23. GREASE- TRAPS

Grease-traps, if of earthenware, shall comply with C.A.S. No. A16.

TABLE III

1	2	3	4	5
Internal diameter	Minimum thickness	Minimum mass of pipes (including beaded spigot or flanges) kilograms per meter	Minimum Internal depth of socket pipes millimeters	Minimum clear caulking space with pipes in position millimeters
100 150 200 225	9,5 9,5 11,9 12,7	25,95 37,21 61,18 72,92	76,2 88,9 101,6 101,6	7,9 9,5 9,5 9,5

24. TRAPPED GULLIES

Trapped gullies, if of earthenware, shall comply with C.A.S. No. A16, and shall be covered with an approved grating, the bars of which shall be not more than 10 millimetres apart.

25. RESEALING -TRAPS

All resealing-traps shall be of a type approved by the local authority.

26.PROHIBITED FITTINGS

(1) No single-or double-tee or tapped-tee branch or any fitting or connexion which offers abnormal obstruction to flow through a sewer-pipe, waste-pipe or soil-pipe shall be used.

(2) The drilling and tapping of any pipe used in the sewerage system after its installation is prohibited.

(3) Dead ends in waste-pipes or soil-pipes shall not be permitted except where necessary to extend the pipe for cleaning purposes, and all such dead ends sall be accessible.

(4) No opposite junction shall be used in any sewerage system if the included angle between the two entering pipes will exceed pipes will exceed 90 degrees.

(5) Loose sockets shall be used only where no other form of construction is practicable, and then only with the approval of the local authority.

27. THREADED FITTINGS

All threaded fittings shall be of copper, brass, malleable cast iron or galvanized mild steel, and shall be of recessed pattern with smooth interior waterways and with threads tapped out of solid material.

28. SEAL IN FITTING -TRAPS.

(1) Except in the case of resealing-traps, the maximum depth of water-seal in all fittings-traps shall be 100 millimetres.

(2) For two-pipe system installations, the minimum depth of the water-seal in all fitting-traps shall be 40 millimetres for waste-water fittings and 50 millimetres for soil-water fittings.

(3) For one-pipe systems and single-stack systems, the minimum depth of water-seal shall be 75 millimetres for waste-water fittings, and 50 millimetres for soil-water fittings.

(4) Every trap of which the seal is not readily accessible shall be provided with a removable cleaning-eye of sufficient size protected by the water-seal, and every trap shall be self-cleansing.

(5) Traps which depend for their seal upon movable parts or inaccessible interior partitions shall not be used:

Provided that grease-traps may have integrally cast partitions or corrosion-resistant material.

29. WASTE OVERFLOW

Where any sanitary fitting is provided with an overflow, such overflow shall, except in the case of cisterns and storage-tans, be connected close to its discharge either into the open air or to the inlets of the associated trap, and shall be so arranged that it is readily accessible for cleaning.

30. JOINTING

Jointing of sewers and fittings shall be made-

a) with materials approved for use with the particular material of which the sewers and fittings are made; and

b) in such a manner as-

(i) to prevent leakage from the joint; and

(ii) where necessary, to allow some moment of the joint.

31. ASPHALTIC COMPOUND

Asphaltic compound used for joints shall not-

a) be brittle at normal temperature; nor

b) soften sufficiently to destroy the effectiveness of the joint when subjected to a temperature of 70°C; nor

c) be soluble in any of the wastes carried by the sewerage system.

32. SOLDER

Solder used for plumbing shall comply with the requirements of C.A.S. No H3, Soft solders.

33. DISCHARGE UNITS

(1) For the purposes of this section, the rate at which sewage is discharged into, or at which it flows through, a pipe or sewer shall be measured in units which are herein referred to as “discharge units” (abbreviated reference d.u)

(2) The rate at which sewage flows through a pipe or sewage flows through a pipe or sewer at a particular point therein shall be the sum of the rates at which such sewage is discharged into such pipe or sewer in accordance with section 34 at all points above that particular point.

34. RATES OF DISCHARGE FROM SANITARY FITTINGS

Any sanitary fitting with an outlet of a diameter referred to in column 1 of Table IV shall be deemed to discharge sewage at the rate stated for such sanitary fitting in column 2 or column 3 of such table, which ever is applicable.

TABLE IV

1	2	3
	Rate of discharge in discharge units (D.U)
Diameter of sanitary fitting outlet millimeteres	Sanitary fitting installed in a dwelling	Sanitary fitting installed in a building other than a dwelling
32 40 50 65 75 100	1 1 1.5 2 2.5 (1.5) 3	1 2 3 4 5(3) 6

For a urinal or a group of urinals with a common trap
TABLE V

1	2	3	4	5	6
Diameter of pipe or combined private sewer or private sewer millimeters	Horizontal pipe Discharge capacity d.u.			Discharge capacity for sewers witha gradienet of
		1:200 d.u	1:100 d.u	1:50 d.u	1:25 d.u
32	1	–	–	–	–
40	3	–	–	–	–
50	6	–	–	21	26
65	12	–	–	24	31
75	32	–	36	42	50
100	160	–	180	216	250
125	360	–	390	480	575
150	620	–	700	840	1000
200	1400	1400	1600	1920	2300
250	2500	2500	2900	3500	4200
300	3900	3900	4600	5600	6700
375	7000	7000	8300	10 000	12 000

35. DISTINCTION BETWEEN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL PIPES

For the purpose of the provisions of this Chapter, any pipe which is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of less than 45 degrees shall be deemed to be a horizontal pipe, and any other pipe shall be deemed to be a vertical pipe.

36. CAPACITIES OF HORIZONTAL PIPES

Every horizontal pipe or sewer having a diameter set out in column 1 of Table V shall be deemed to have a maximum discharge capacity set out in column 2 for such pipe and set out in columns 3,4,5 and 6 for such sewer, and the aggregate rate of discharge of all sanitary fittings discharging into any such pipe or private sewer shall not exceed such maximum discharge capacity.

37. CAPACITIES OF VERTICAL PIPES

Every vertical pipe shall be of such a diameter that-

a) the rate at which sewerage flows through such pipe at any point does nnot exceed the rate shown for the pipe of that diameter in column 2 or column 3 of Table VI, whichever is applicable; and

b) the rate at which sewage enter such pipe at any point (if the wetted portion of such pipe exceed two storeys in height above ground-floor level) does not exceed the rate shown for the pipe in column 4 of Table VI:

Provided that, wherever sewage enters any such pipe at two or more consecutive points, neither or none of which is more than 2,4 meters from any other, all the sewage entering the pipe at such two or more consecutive points, shall for this purpose of this paragraph, be deemed to enter such pipe at the lower or lowest of such two or consecutive points, as the case may be.

38. MINIMUM SIZE OF PIPES, Etc.

Subject to the provisions of sections 36 and 37, no soil type, private sewer or waste-sewer shall be less than 100 millimetres in diameter:

Provided that a waste-sewer not exceeding 4,6 metres in length or a soil-type serving urinals or bidets may be less than 100 millimetres but not less than 50 millimetres in diameter.

39. VENTS: GENERAL

(1) Every soil-pipe, waste-sewer and sewer, including every branch thereof which exceeds six metres in length, measured from its junction with a ventilated private sewer or a ventilated soil-pipe to its point of connexion with the soil-fitting which it serves, shall be provided with a ventilation-pipe leading up-wards from its highest convenient point.

(2) Every waste-pipe and branch waste-pipe which exceeds six metres in length, measures from its point of discharge over a gully or from its junction with a ventilated waste-pipe or ventilated soil-pipe, as the case may be, to its joints of connexion with the waste-water fitting which it serves shall be provided with a ventilation-pipe leading upwards from its highest convenient point.

(3) Subject to the provisions of anything to the contrary contained in Chapter, there shall be at least one 100-millimetre-diameter vent for every private sewer:

Provided that, with the prior approval of the local authority, this vent may be omitted on a sewer of less than six metres in length which receives the discharge from a single soil-water fitting and not more than two waste-water fittings.

TABLE VI

1	2	3	4
Diameter of pipe millimeters	Where wetted portion of pipe does not exceed two storeys in height above ground floor level	Where wetted portion of pipe exceed two storeys in height above ground floor level	Maximum rate of entry in (d.u) into pipe at any point if wetted portion of pipe exceeds two storeys in height above ground floor level
32 40 50 65 75 100 125 150 200 250 300	2 4 10 20 30 240 540 960 2200 3800 600	2 8 24 42 60 500 1100 1900 3600 5600 8400	1 2 6 9 16 90 200 350 600 1000 1500

Provided that no vent serving a soil-fitting shall have a diameter less than 50 millimeters.

(4) The diameter of a vent and of anti-siphon pipe shall be determined from its length and from the total of discharge units connected thereto as provided in Table VII:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
					Diameter of vent millimeters
Size of Stake millimeters	Total D.u connected to stake	32	40	50	65	75	100	125	150	200	250	300
					Maximum length of vent metres
32	2	9
40	8	15	45
40	10	9	30
50	12	9	23	60
50	20	8	15	45
65	42		9	30	91
75	10		13	44	108	317
75	21		9,5	33	82	245
75	53		8	29	70	207
75	102		7,5	26	64	189
100	43			10.5	26	76	297
100	140			8	20	59	229
100	320			7	17	50	194
100	530			6,5	15	46	177
125	190				8.5	25	98	300
125	490				6.5	19	75	232
125	940				5.5	16	63	204
125	1400				5	15	58	178
150	500					10	40	122	305
150	1100					8	30	94	236
150	2000					7	26	79	200
150	2 900					6	23	73	181
200	1 800						9.5	29	73	287
200	3 400						7.5	22	56	220
200	5 600						6	19	47	186
200	7 600						5.5	17	43	169
250	4 000							9.5	24	93	293
250	7 200							7.5	18	72	224
250	11 000							6	15.5	61	191
300	15 000							5.5	14	55	174
300	7 300								9.5	37	116	287
300	13 000								7.5	28.5	90	220
300	20 000								6	24	76	186
300	26 000								5.5	22	69	169
375	15 000									12	38	93
375	25 000									9.5	29	72
375	38 000									8	25	61
375	50 000									7,5	22.5	55

Provided that no vent serving a soil-fitting shall have a diameter less than 50 millimetres.

40. VENTILATION OUTLETS

(1) Every vent-pipe or anti-siphon pipe shall be carried upwards without diminution of diameter to a height of at least 4,5 metres above finished ground-level, 300 millimetres above place of emergence through the roof, or 1 metre above eaves-level, whichever is the greatest height, or to such greater height or to such position as the local authority may require, having regard to the amenity of adjoining property.

(2) The open end of any vent passing through, or attached to, a building shall be not less than 2 metres above the head of any window, door or other opening in that building or in any other building which is within a horizontal distance of 6 metres of the said open end:

Provided that, where access to the upper surface of the roof or any part thereof is provided for any purpose other than that of maintenance or repair, the pipe shall, unless local authority otherwise permits, extend at least 2,5 meters above such roof or part thereof.

(3) Where any new building or any addition to an existing building has any windows, doors or other openings so placed that the provisions of subsection (2) are contravened in respect of an existing vent, whether on the same or any other property, the owner of such owner new building or addition shall, at his own expense, do all such things as may be necessary to bring such existing vent into compliance with the said subsection.

(4) No chimney or other flue shall be used for ventilating any sewer-pipe, soil-pipe or waste-pipe.

(5) The open end of every vent shall be surmounted by an approved wire cage grating having apertures of an aggregate area not less than the sectional area of the pipe.

41. GRADIENT OF VENTS AND ANTI-SIPHON

Every vent and every anti-siphon pipe shall be so graded as to provided a continuous fall without the interposition of a trap from its open end to the point of connexion to the waste-pipe, soil-pipe, private sewer or combined private sewer which it serves.

42. BRANCH VENTS AND ANTI-SIPHON PIPES

Every vent and every anti-siphon pipe shall, unless carried up independently, be connected to a main vent at a point at least 150 millimetres above the top of the highest fitting which the main vent serves.

43. INTER CONNECTION OF VENTS FROM SOIL AND WASTE-FITTINGS

Where two pipe system is used, a pipe which ventilates a soil-pipe or fitting and a pipe which ventilates a waste-pipe or fitting shall not be connected to each other.

44. ANTI- SIPHON PIPES

(1) Every individual anti-siphon pipe shall be connected to the soil-pipe or waste-pipe which it serves on the outlet side of the trap obliquely in the direction of flow of the last-mentioned pipe at a point not less than 75 millimetres or more than 750 millimetres from the crown of the trap.

(2) Such anti-siphon pipe shall be carried up independently to discharge into open air in accordance with the requirements of subsection (1) of section 40, or such anti-siphon pipe shall be connected to a common anti-siphon pipe at a point not less than 150 millimetres above the top of the fitting which such anti-siphon pipe serves.

(3) The common anti-siphon pipe either shall discharge into the open air in accordance with the requirements of subsection(1) of section 40, or it may be connected to the main vent in accordance with the requirements of section 42.

45. PROTECTION OF SOIL-WATER TRAPS

Subject to the provisions of section 46, the water-seal of the trap of a soil-water fitting shall, in the following cases, be protected by means of an anti-siphon pipe of such dimensions and location as are section 40, respectively, that is to say where such soil-water fitting-

a) discharges into an unventilated sewer or soil-pipe or a combination thereof in which there is a fall of more than 1,2 metres within a horizontal distance of 2,4 meters from the crown of the trap; or

b) discharges into a ventilated soil-pipe or private sewer having an inclination from the horizontal of 45 degrees or greater, and which receives the discharge from one or more other soil soil-water fittings at a higher level, except as provided for in section 48; or

c) not being the soil-water fitting situated at the uppermost or remotest end of the soil-pipe or sewer, discharges into an unventilated soil-pipe or sewer which receives the discharge from any other soil-water fitting.

46. VENTILATION OF SOIL-WATER FITTINGS

Where several soil-water fittings are connected to a branch soil-pipe which is provided with a vent connected to such branch soil-pipe immediately short of the farthest soil-water fitting on such branch, and such vent is connected to another vent at a point not less than 150 millimetres above the highest water-level possible in such soil-water fitting. Anti-siphon pipes may be omitted.

47. PROTECTION OF WASTE-WATER TRAPS

(1) In the one-pipe system, the water-seal of the trap of every waste-water fitting shall be protected by means of an anti-siphon pipe :

Provided that, where horizontal waste-pipes are back-vented as described in section 46, the anti-siphon pipes may be omitted.

(2) In the one-pipe system, the water-seal of the trap of every waste-water fitting shall be protected by means of an anti-siphon pipe of a back-vent unless an approved resealing-trap is installed:

Provided that this subsection shall not apply in the case of a single bath, shower or sink having an independent discharge to a gully, and where the total length of the waste-pipe does not exceed six metres.

48. SINGLE -STACK SYSTEMS

(1) Single-stack systems may be used under the following conditions-

a) all soil and waste branch pipes shall be separately connected to the vertical soil stack;

b) the minimum depth of water-seals shall be 75 millimetres for waste-water fittings, and 50 millimetres for soil-water fittings;

c) the waste-pipe used in conjunction with a 32-millimetre-diameter trap from a lavatory basing shall have a minimum diameter of 40 millimetres, a maximum fall of 1 in 25, and a maximum length length of 3 metres;

d) the minimum size if waste-pipe from bath or sink fittings shall be 40 millimetres in diameter;

e) no horizontal waste-pipe shall be connected to the vertical soil stack so that its centre line is on a level with, or within 200 millimetres below, the centre line on a soil branch;

f) a large radius bend of at least two one-eighth bends shall be installed at the foot of the vertical soil stack;

g) the minimum vertical distance between the lowest branch connexion and the invert of the sewer shall be 500 millimetres for buildings up to three storeys, and 750 millimetres for other buildings;

h) no offsets in vertical stacks below the topmost fitting shall be permitted unless venting is provided to relieve any back pressure.

(2) The rate of flow in the vertical soil stack of a single-stack system as calculated in terms of sections 33 and 34 shall not, at any point, exceed the rate given in column 2 of Table VIII for the corresponding size of vertical pipe in column 1.

(3) Alternatively to subsection (2), the rate in a 100 millimetre-diameter vertical pipe may exceed 70 d.u but shall be provided and connected to the vertical pipe at each floor level, either directly or to the anti-siphon horn adjacent to a 100 millimetre soil-water fitting.

TABLE VIII

Maximum rates of flow in vertical soil stacks in single track system.

1	2
Diameter of Pipe millimeters	Maximum rate of flow d.u.
75	14
100	70
150	350

B. TRAPS AND GULLIES

49. TRAPS IN WASTE-WATER FITTINGS

(1) Except as permitted in subsection (4), there shall be provided immediately beneath every waste-water fitting an approved trap having a removable cleaning-plug or other approved means of cleaning situated below the water-seal.

(2) The nominal bore of such a trap shall be not less than—

a) the size of the waste-water fitting outlet to which it is attached; or

b) 32 millimetres in the case of a wash-hand basin and 40 millimetres in the case of a sink or a bath;

whichever is the greater.

(3) The depth of the water-seal in a trap serving a waste-water fitting shall in no case exceed 100 millimetres, and shall be not less than 40 millimetres in a two-pie system and not less than 75 millimetres in a one-pipe system or single-stack system.

(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) –

a) a bath, a shower, a wash-hand basin or a sink used only for laundry purposes may discharge without the interposition of a trap into an open channel which—

i) is semi-circular in cross-section and has a diameter of at least 100 millimetres and is made of glazed ceramic material or other approved material; and

ii) is accessible for cleaning throughout its length and its placed immediately beneath the point or points of discharge; and

iii) discharges into a trap capable of receiving the discharge and having a corrosion-resistant metal grating;

b) a bath, a shower or a wash-hand basin installed in a compartment containing a urinal or squat pan may, with the prior written approval of the local authority, discharge into the urinal channel, or squat pan, if the outlet from any such bath, wash-hand basin or shower is above the highest part of the urinal channel or squat pan;

c) a range of wash-hand basins or sinks may discharge into a common waste-pipe without the interposition of traps:

Provided that such common waste-pipe does not exceed two metres in length, has a diameter of at least 50 millimetres and is provided with a trap as described in subsection (3) beneath the final fitting.

50. TRAPS IN SOIL-WATER FITTINGS

Except as is provided for urinals in section 13, every soil-water fitting shall be provided with an approved trap, built integrally with the fitting, but such trap may, with the approval of the local authority, be joined to the fitting if the junction is above the water-line of the trap and the joint is firm and water-tight.

51. WASTEWATER TO DISCHARGE INTO TRAPPED GULLY

(1) Except in the case of a one-pipe system and a single-stack system, all waste water shall discharge into a trapped gully or grease-trap below the grating thereof and above the level of the water therein, which shall be connected to a sewer.

(2) No waste-pipe shall discharge into or connect with a gutter, hopper-head or pipe provided or used for the conveyance of rain-water or into a channel provided for the irrigation of a garden.

52. INLETS TO SEWERS TO BE TRAPPED

(1) Trapped gullies shall be so formed and installed as to maintain a water-seal of 60 millimetres, and no other trap shall be placed between a trapped gully and the public sewer.

(2) Gully-traps and grease-traps shall be provided with hopper-heads with side and vertical inlets to receive waste-pipes.

(3) A hopper-head shall be encased in cement concrete at least 75 millimetres thick, which shall be carried to a height of at least 150 millimetres above the surrounding ground-level.

53. GREASE-TRAPS

Where required by the local authority, grease-traps of a size approved by the local authority shall be fitted to take the discharge from every scullery or kitchen sink, and, if they are constructed of earthen-ware, shall comply with the provisions of section 23, but, in any case, grease-traps shall be placed as near as possible to the fitting from which the receive the discharge.

54. TRAPPED DISH-GULLIES

(1) In respect of each dwelling-house, there shall be provided not less than one trapped dish-gully.

(2) Such gully shall be set on a base of concrete not less than 150 millimetres thick and having a composition not inferior to 50 kilograms of cement to 65 cubic decimetres of fine aggregate to 130 cubic decimetres of coarse aggregate, Grade 20.

(3) All such gullies, shall be encased in similar concrete to a thickness of not less than 100 millimetres, and dishing of internal dimensions not less than 400 millimetres by 450 millimetres or more than 900 millimetres by 600 millimetres shall be provided, which dish shall be at least 75 millimetres above ground-level and finished off smooth, and shall have a fall of at least 75 millimetres to the centre of the gully, and shall be surmounted with a kerb at least 75 millimetres high and 75 millimetres wide.

(4) Except where otherwise permitted by the local authority, the maximum distance from the ground-level to the top of the water-seal in all gullies shall not exceed 450 millimetres.

55. SEAL PRESERVATION OF TRAPS

A water-tap shall be placed over every trapped gully which is connected to a sewer and which does not receive the discharge from a waste-water fitting.

56. INTERMEDIATE TRAPS IN SEWERS.

No tap other than the trap required to serve a soil-water fitting directly shall be permitted between such fitting and any sewer with which it is connected.

57. LOCATION OF GULLIES, GREASE-TRAPS AND STABLE-TRAPS

(1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (3), all gullies, grease-traps and stable-traps shall be located in the open air or, if beneath a roof, in a place permanently exposed to the open air, and shall be at all times readily accessible for the purposes of cleaning or maintenance.

(2) Every floor in a factory, stable or other premises upon which liquid is discharged continuously or intermittently shall have a hard, smooth, durable surface, and shall be graded and drained to a gully or other approved trapped receptacle.

(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), a gully referred to in subsection (2) may be located within a building.

58. SILT-TRAPS AND CATCH-BASINS

Silt-traps and catch-basins, when installed, shall be designed so as to retain effectively the silt or any other material which may cause clogging of the sewer or drain, and shall be placed so as to be readily accessible for clearing.

59. ACCESS GENERALLY

(a) at the foot of each waste-stack or soil-stack; and
(b) at each change of direction or gradient of waste-pipes and soil-pipes; and
(c) at every junction of waste-pipes and soil- pipes; and
(d) in such other positions as shall make all wastepipes and soil-pipes and sanitary fittings accessible.

60. ACCESS TO PIPES AND CONNECTIONS

(1) All means of access to pipes and connexions shall be readily accessible so as to enable the plumbing system to be effectively cleansed.

(2) Any part of the plumbing system which might be exposed to possible damage shall be adequately protected.

61. ACCESS TO, AND REPLACEMENT OF, CISTERNS AND TANKS IN ROOF STRUCTURES AND ENCLOSED POSITIONS

Every cistern or tank situated within a roof structure or in any other enclosed position shall be so installed as to be readily accessible for purposes of maintenance or replacement of such cistern or tank.

62. POSITION AND ACCESSIBILITY OF SOIL-PIPES

(1) If soil-pipes and soil-ventilation pipes are placed inside a building within ducts, such ducts shall be provided with approved access.

(2) No soil-pipe or soil-ventilation shall be placed inside a kitchen, pantry, shop or business premises where food is, or is proposed to be, stored, prepared or sold unless, at the sole discretion of the local authority, such soil-pipe is enclosed in an impervious duct, in which case access to such duct shall be obtainable only from outside the room or apartment.

(3) If soil-pipes, waste-pipes, ventilation-pipes or other pipes placed in a building with totally enclosed shafts, such shafts shall be of an approved area, and shall have adequate means of access from each floor.

(4) Where necessary, an internal platform or floor, to the approval of the local authority, shall be provided at every floor-level.

(5) A cat-ladder or approved access-way shall be installed internally throughout the whole length of the shaft if so required by the local authority.

(6) The thickness of the wall of the shaft to which the pipes are fixed shall be to the approval of the local authority.

63. MINIMUM DROP TO FITTINGS

Where a waste-pipe, soil-pipe or private sewer serves two or more sanitary fittings, there shall be a drop of at least 150 millimetres from every such fitting, measured from the invert of the trap outlet to the invert of such waste-pipe, soil-pipe or private sewer.

64. IMPERVIOUS FOORS

(1) Every soil-water fitting and every bath shall be placed on an impervious floor.

(2) Every shower-fitting shall be placed over a bath or over an impervious flor graded to a waste-water outlet connected through a trap fitted with a grating to the sewer.

65. ELECTROLYTIC ACTION

There shall be no connexion between metal pipes and cisterns or tanks of dissimilar metal where, in the opinion of the local authority, such association of dissimilar metals might set up electrolytic action.

66. SUPPORT OF PIPING AND FITTINGS

(1) Strap hangers may be used for all pipes of nominal bore up to 50 millimetres, but ring hangers shall be used for all pipes of greater size.

(2) All pipes, except those laid in the ground, shall be securely fixed at frequent intervals to that portion of the wall or other rigid portion of the structure along which they pass, to preclude sagging.

(3) Watertight joints to walls or floor shall be made where pipes or fittings pass though such walls or floors or are fixed thereto.

(4) The connexion of pipe-supports to masonry, brickwork, stone or concrete backing shall be made without the use of wooden plugs.

67. SIZE, FALL, LINE AND CHANGES IN DIRECTION

(1) All sewers shall be of a size capable of tanking the discharge into them, calculated in accordance with the relevant provisions of this chapter, with a minimum internal diameter of 100 millimetres.

(2) Sewers of 100-millimetre and 150-millimetre diameter shall be laid with gradients lying between a maximum of 1 in 10 and a minimum of 1 in 60:

Provided that the local authority may, in its discretion, allow the maximum gradient to be increased or the minimum gradient to be increased or the minimum gradient to be decreased in particular circumstances, taking into account available falls, type of pipes and joints used and the flow anticipated in the pipes.

(3) All sewers shall be laid in true alignment and at uniform gradients, and shall be so supported or so anchored as to maintain these gradients.

(4) All spigot-and-socket sewer pipes shall be laid with the spigot-ends pointing in the direction of the flow.

(5) All sewers shall be laid so that the barrel of the pipe is fully supported and evenly bedded on the bottom of the trench or on any special bed provided.

(6) The backfilling to all sewers shall be carried out by carefully placing and consolidating sand or selected fine granulated soil evenly around the pipe on bot sides, and on top of the pipe to a height of 150 millimetres above the crown of the pipe, and thereafter backfilling and consolidating the remainder of the trench up to the final level.

(7) Changes in the horizontal direction of sewers shall be made with bends of approved materials, which shall have radii not less than those specified in C.A.S. No A16 for earthenware bends.

(8) When the change of direction of flow does not exceed 90 degrees, the radius of the complete bend shall be not less than three times the internal diameter of the pipes.

(9) When the change of direction of flow is more than 90 degrees—

a) a series of bends shall be installed, each of which shall comply with the fore-going requirements of this section; or

b) the change of direction of flow may be made within a manhole with channel bends complying with the requirements of C.A.S. No. A16.

(10) Should channel bends of any approved material other than earthenware be used, these channel bends shall have radii not less than those specified for earthenware channel bends.

(11) Any change in the vertical direction exceeding 5 degrees or a sudden drop in invert level of 300 millimetres or more in a sewer shall be made with square or ramp junctions or bends the dimensions of which shall comply with C.A.S, No. A16.

68. JUNCTIONS TO SEWERS

(1) Every branch sewer shall join another sewer in the direction of the flow of such sewer at an included angle of 45 degrees and as near as practicable to the invert thereof.

(2) All earthenware junctions shall be made by means of ordinary or channel junctions complying with the requirements of C.A.S. No. A16.

69. JOINTS IN SEWERS

(1) All sewer-pipes shall be centred and joined concentrically with the invert on true line.

(2) If sewers are constructed of cast-iron socketed pipes, the joint shall be secured to a depth of at least half the socket depth with molten lead, run in one pouring, or with lead wool, properly caulked.

(3) If sewers are constructed of cast-iron flanged pipes, the joints shall be securely bolted together with insertion material, to the approval of the local authority, placed between the faces of the flanges.

(4) If sewers are constructed of glazed-earthenware pipes or other non-metallic pipes, the joints shall be made to the manufacturer’s specification and to the approval of the local authority.

70. SEWERS ON BAD OR MADE-UP GROUND

All sewers on bad or made-up ground or ground producing unequal bearing shall be laid in a manner in all respects satisfactory to the local authority, which shall take into consideration the nature of the ground and the properties of the pipes and joints being used.

71. SEWERS WITHIN OR UNDER BUILDINGS

(1) No sewer or part thereof may be laid or may pass, as the case may be, within or under or through a building unless the local authority decides otherwise, having regard to considerations of health and maintenance or other matters relevant to the particular case.

(2) Every sewer or part thereof, where it is under a building, shall be –

a) without change of direction or gradient and without means of access thereto except as provided for in section 73; and

b) laid on a bed of concrete at least 100 millimetres thick, having a composition of not more than six parts of coarse aggregate to three parts of fine aggregate to one part of Portland cement; and

c) if the local authority has approved the use of glazed earthenware, encased in similar concrete having a minimum thickness at all points of 100 millimetres, measured from the external surface of the pipe.

(3) Where a sewer or part thereof is laid in an exposed position within a building, it shall be constructed of cast-iron pipes, and shall be adequately supported at intervals not exceeding 2 metres along its course.

(4) No part of the mass pf a wall or foundation shall bear upon a sewer which passes under or through it.

72. DEPTH OF COVER TO, AND PROTECTION OF SEWERS

(1) All sewers, other than cast-iron sewers, having less than 300 millimetres clear cover over the socket of the pipe shall be adequately protected by encasing in concrete not less than 100 millimetres thick, having a composition not inferior to 50 kilograms of cement to 100 cubic decimetres of fine aggregate to 200 cubic decimetres of coarse aggregate, Grade 10.

(2) Where, in the opinion of the local authority, sewer-pipes may be damaged by vibration or external pressure, they shall also be encased in similar concrete.

73. ACCESS TO SEWERS

(1) Means of access shall be provided in sewers at distances between every such means of access not exceeding 50 metres in the case of 100-millimetre-diameter sewers, and 80 metres in the case of 150 millimetre or large diameter sewers.

(2) Access-eyes or rodding-ways for sewers shall have a minimum diameter of 100 millimetres.

(3) Rodding-ways on sewers passing under paved areas shall be brought to the surface, and shall be covered with suitably marked movable paving-blocks or cast-iron covers at least 300 millimetres square.

(4) Where rodding-ways have raking arms, the latter shall join the sewer in the direction of flow, and shall be at an angle of not more than 35 degrees from the horizontal unless the local authority approves, in writing, of a steeper angle.

(5) Such raking arms shall have the same diameter as that of the sewer they serve.

(6) Access-eyes, rodding-ways and manholes shall be gastight and watertight, and shall be fitted with identifiable cover at adjoining ground-level, but, where a manhole or rodding-way is permitted within a building, it shall be fitted with a screwed or bolted double-sealed gastight and watertight cover at adjoining floor-level.

(7) Rodding-ways having raking arms shall be sealed with an access-cover, bedded and screwed or bolted.

(8) Where the sewer is more than 2 metres deep, access shall be by means of a manhole:

Provided that a rodding-way may be permitted with the prior written approval of the local authority.

74. ACCESS TO RAMPS OR BACK-DROPS

Every ramp or back-drop exceeding 750 millimetres in length shall be provided with an access-eye or other means of access at its head.

75. ACCESS TO BRANCH SEWERS

Every branch or part of a sewer exceeding 3 metres in length shall be provided with an access-eye or other means of access at its top end.

76. ACCESS TO SEWERS AND PUBLIC SEWERS

A manhole or other approved means of access shall be constructed on the premises upon which a sewer is laid, and shall be located not more than 1,2 metres from the connexion of such premises, or in such position as may be authorized by the local authority, in order to afford ready access to such sewer and to the public sewer;

Provided that a rodding-way may be permitted with the prior written approval of the local authority.

77. CONSTRUCTION AND SIZE OF MANHOLES

(1) The walls of every manhole installed on a sewer shall be—

a) constructed of brickwork not less than 200 millimetres thick, composed of bricks, complying with the requirements of C.A.S. No. A35, Burnt clay building bricks and blocks, set in cement mortar having a composition not inferior to three parts of sand to one part of cement by volume; or

b) of concrete construction of either—

i) a minimum thickness of 150 millimetres of cast-in-situ concrete; or

ii) a minimum thickness of 100 millimetres of pre-cast vibrated concrete; or

iii) a minimum thickness of 60 millimetres of pre-cast spun reinforced concrete tube.

(2) The base of every manhole shall be not less than 150 millimetres thick and shall be constructed of Grade 20 concrete.

(3) The invert and channel shall be properly formed with salt-glazed earthenware channels, or other approved material, the sides of the channel being raised up vertically to the level of the pipe soffit and benched therefrom at a slope of 1 in 6, steel-trowelled to a smooth finish.

(4) Single-seal or double-seal covers of cast iron complying with the requirements of S.A.B.S. 558, Cast iron surface boxes and manholes and inspection covers and frames, shall be used, and shall be –

a) raised 100millimetres above ground-level; or

b) installed in such manner and at such a greater height above ground-level as shall, in the opinion of the local authority, exclude surface-water and storm-water.

(5) Heavy-duty types of cast iron covers complying with the specification referred to in subsection (4), shall be used in areas subject to heavy vehicular traffic.

(6) The recesses of manhole-cover frames shall be filled with anti-friction grease, and the covers shall be set in the recesses so as to form gastight coverings.

(7) The minimum inside dimensions of manholes shall be 600 millimetres in length by 450 millimetres in width up to 1 metre deep, and 900 millimetres in length by 600 millimetres in width over 1 metre deep:

Provided that the local authority may permit the use of circular manholes of equivalent size, and may demand larger manholes than those specified in this section where conditions render such larger manholes necessary.

(8) Where required by the local authority, approved metal rungs for the purpose of access shall be built into the wall of every manhole exceeding 1,25 metres in depth.

78. GENERAL

(1) No person shall, on any premises, construct or use any septic tank and appurtenant disposal works for the treatment and disposal of sewage without the written consent of the local authority.

(2) Before giving such consent, the local authority shall be satisfied that such septic tank and such disposal works can be operated without nuisance or danger to public health, and that it is impracticable to connect the premises in question to the public sewer.

79. SEPTIC: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

(1) Every septic tank shall be sited, designed and constructed to the approval of the local authority, and in accordance with C.A.S. No. CA1, Small domestic septic tank installations.

(2) Septic tanks shall be water tight and no spring-water, subsoil-water, surface-water, or storm-water shall be permitted to enter them.

(3) Septic tanks shall be effectively covered and protected so as to minimize odour therefrom and to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes.

(4) Should a septic tank be constructed in any area likely to be used for vehicular traffic, the cover shall be designed to withstand the loads provided for under Chapter 3.

80. PERCOALTION TESTS FOR SOAK-AWAYS FOR DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT FROM SEPTIC TANKS

(1) Unless exempted by the local authority, a person submitting an application for the construction of a septic tank and appurtenant disposal works shall arrange for percolation tests in accordance with C.A.S. No. CA1 to be carried out during the months of February or March.

(2) The provision of effluent disposal systems shall be determined in accordance with C.A.S. No. CA1 on the basis of these tests.

(3) Approval will only be given for the use of any septic tank where the suitability of any septic tank where the suitability of soil for tank effluent disposal systems has been proved, or where an alternative effluent system to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided.

81. CONSERVING TANKS

(1) No person shall construct or use any conserving-tank without the written consent of the local authority.

(2) If the local authority consents to the construction of a conserving-tank, the tank shall conform to the requirements of the following subsections.

(3) Except as provided for in subsection (4), the net capacity A (calculated by using the depth as measured from the invert-level of the inlet-pipe to the floor of the tank) shall be not less than –

Q = d × c × q litres
Where—
d= the maximum number of days between complete evacuations of the tank;
c = the number of contributors to the tank;
q = in the case of residential and institutional buildings, 120 litres;
or
in the case of business and public buildings, 30 litres.

(4) A conserving-tank shall have a minimum capacity of 5 000 litres, but such capacity shall, in any case, be sufficient for at least five day’s storage.

(5) The suction lift in the suction-pipe shall not exceed 2,1 metres at an altitude of 2 000 metres above sea-level and 3 metres at sea-level. In localities between these altitudes the maximum permissible lift shall be determined by interpolation.

(6) The tank shall be so constructed that any gas forming in the tank can escape along the sewer through the vent-pipe at the top of the sewer to which such tank is connected.

(7) The tank shall be placed as near as possible to a street boundary, so that it can readily be emptied. If this is not possible, a convenient means of access to the tank shall be provided.

(8) The tank shall be provided with a manhole, constructed in accordance with the provisions of section 77, for inspection and cleaning of the tank.

Such manhole shall be brought up to above ground-level, so as to prevent spring-water, subsoil-water, surface-water or storm-water from entering the tank.

(9) The tank shall be watertight.

(10) The tank shall be designed so as to support 300millimetres of earth cover over the top of the covering slab. Where vehicular traffic might pass over the slab, the additional load imposed upon such slab due to the passage of such vehicular traffic shall be taken into account in the design of the tank.

82. SEWERAGE LIFTS

(1) Where a sanitary fitting is below the level of a public sewer, or is at a level which is not sufficient to secure a self-cleansing velocity of flow to such sewer, or where, in the opinion of the local authority, there is a risk of back-flow in the event of such sewer becoming surcharged, the sewage from such fitting shall be raised by ejector, pump, siphon or other approved mechanical appliance to such height as may be required by the local authority and discharged into such sewer, as and where, and at such maximum rate and at such times, as directed by the local authority.

(2) An efficient non-return-flow valve and a trap shall be fixed prior to connexion with such sewer, and shall be maintained in good working order.

(3) The waste-pipe or soil-pipe leading to such ejector, pump, siphon or other approved mechanical appliance shall be provided with a vent which, in the case of such soil-pipe, shall be not less than 100 millimetres in internal diameter, and in the case of such waste-pipe, shall be at least of the same internal diameter as such waste-pipe.

83. DRAINAGE FOR STABLES, etc.

The sewerage from stables, cowsheds, dairies, market-places, abattoirs, area for washing vehicles and other places of a like nature shall be connected to a public sewer or, if such is not available, to private treatment and disposal plants or to conserving-tanks, and, in addition, the following requirements shall be complied with—

a) provision shall be made, to the satisfaction of the local authority, for the prevention of entry of rain-water into such public sewer, private treatment and disposal plants or conserving-tanks, either by roofing the area used for the above purposes or by other approved means;

b) the place to be connected shall be paved and graded to the satisfaction of the local authority;

c) the private sewer serving such place shall be provided with an effective silt-trap or petrol-trap or grease-trap with removable grating.

84. CONNECTION OF PRIVATE DRAINS TO PUBLIC DRAINS PROHIBITED

No person shall cause or permit any private drain to communicate with any public drain, and no person shall cause or permit any spring-water, sub-soil-water, surface-water or storm-water to flow into any public drain except with the permission of, and subject to conditions laid down by, the local authority.

85. RAIN-WATER GUTTERS AND DOWN-PIPES

(1) The roof of every building shall have proper rain-water gutters and down-pipes constructed in either:

a) galvanized sheet steel not less than 0,55 millimetre in thickness; or

b) aluminium or aluminium alloy not less than 0,7 millimetre in thickness; or

c) copper not less than 0,7 millimetre in thickness; or

d) asbestos-cement not less than 8 millimetres in thickness for diameters up to 125 millimetres, and not less than 10 millimetres or for box gutter and fittings of corresponding; of

e) unplasticized polyvinyl chloride in accordance with the requirements of C.A.S. 156; or

f) of other approved materials:

Provided that, in the case of single-storey buildings which do not abut a street, such gutters and down-pipes may be omitted when the overhang of the eaves beyond the wall-face is not less than 500 millimetres and the surface of the ground beneath the eaves is paved for a distance of 1 metre beyond the face of the wall.

(2) Where dissimilar metals are used in gutters, down-pipes or their appurtenances, precautions shall be taken to prevent galvanic corrosion by painting with bitumen-based paint or other method approved by the local authority.

(3) Gutters shall be supported by a bracket at each joint, and, if the length of gutter between joints exceeds 1,25 metres, by an intermediate bracket between joints as well.

(4) Gutters shall have a slope of not less than 1 in 200 towards outlets.

(5) the fixing and jointing of gutters, down-pipes and appurtenances thereto shall allow for expansion and contraction caused by variations in temperature.

6) The size of a rain-water gutter shall be calculated on the basis of at least 7 square centimetres of cross-sectional area for every 5 square metres of roof area served by such gutter.

7) The size of a rain-water down-pipe shall be calculated on the basis of at least 7 square centimetres of cross-sectional area for every 7 square metres of roof area served by such down-pipe.

86. SIZE OF PRIVATE DRAINS

No private drain shall have a diameter of less than 100 millimetres, but the local authority may require the construction of large private drains where it considers it necessary so to do.

87. CONNECTIONS WITH DOWN-PIPES PROHIBITED

No rain-water down-pipe shall be used as a waste-pipe, soil-pipe or vent-pipe, nor shall any waste-pipe, soil-pipe or vent-pipe be used as a rain-water down-pipe.

88. BUILT IN PIPES FOR RAIN-WATER.

All rain-water down-pipes, if built in so as to be inaccessible, shall be of cast iron which has been effectively proofed against corrosion, or of screwed, galvanized mild steel, U.P.V.C. or other approved pressure-piping capable of withstanding a hydraulic head equal to twice the height of the pipe.

89. STORM-WATER NOT TO FLOW INTO SEWERS AND SEPTIC TANKS

(1) No person shall cause or permit any spring-water, subsoil-water, surface-water or storm-water, or any drain, to discharge or flow into any sewer except with the prior written permission, or by direction shall be subject to the conditions, inter alia, that any such spring-water, subsoil-water, surface-water, storm-water or drain shall discharge into a trapped gully above the level of the water in the trap.

(2) In no case shall any spring-water, subsoil-water, surface-water or storm-water be discharged or permitted to flow into any septic tank or similar works.

90. SEWERAGE NOT TO FLOW INTO DRAINS OR STORM-WATER CHANNELS

(1) No person shall cause or permit any sewage or trade effluent, or any private sewer, to discharge into or communicate with any private or public drain or open storm-water channel.

(2) No person shall cause or permit to be discharged into any private drain, public drain or open storm-water channel any liquid, substance or material which, if discharged into a stream, would not comply with the provisions of the Water Act 1976.

(3) Where the hosing down or flushing by rain-water of an open area on any private property is likely to cause the discharge of objectionable material into any street, gutter, storm-water drain, river, stream or other watercourse, whether natural or artificial, or to cause or contribute towards the pollution of any such watercourse, the local authority may instruct the owner of the property to execute, at his own cost, whatever measures by way of alterations to the drainage installation or roofing lot the area which it may consider necessary to prevent or minimize such discharge or pollution.

(4) The owner or occupier of land on which any liquid other than potable water is stored or processed shall provide all facilities necessary to prevent any leakage or escape of such liquid to any street, storm-water drain or watercourse.

91. DISCHARGE FROM SWIMMING -BATHS

(1) No water shall be discharged directly or in-directly from a swimming-bath into a sewer unless written permission to do so shall first have been obtained from the local authority.

(2) Any such written permission shall be subject to such conditions as the local authority shall determine, including, in particular, a condition that the permission may be revoked at any time on the local authority giving one week’s written notice of such revocation.

(3) No water from a swimming-bath shall, without the written permission of the local authority first had and obtained, be discharged directly or indirectly into a public drain.

92. CLEANING OF PLUMBING AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM BEFORE USE

All parts of sewers and of the plumbing system shall, after installation or repairs, and before being used, be left clean of all jointing compounds, metal fittings, loose solder or any other material liable to cause electrolytic action, stoppage or damage of any kind.

93. MATERIAL AND LABOUR

All equipment, materials and labour necessary to enable the local authority to inspect or test any plumbing work or sewerage work shall be furnished by the person executing such plumbing or sewerage work.

94. DEFECTIVE MATERIAL OR WORKMANSHIP

If the inspection or testing of sewerage work or plumbing work reveals the presence of defective material or work, such defective material or work shall be replaced or redone, and the inspection and test or tests shall be repeated, until such plumbing work or sewerage work satisfies the tests prescribed by section 95.

95. TESTS

On completion of all sewerage and plumbing work, but before such work is connected to a conserving-tank, a septic tank or a public sewer, such work shall be inspected by one of the following tests shall, in the presence of such employee, be applied, and such work shall withstand such tests to the satisfaction of the local authority—

a) for all sewerage work—

i) the interior of every pipe or series of pipes between two points of access shall be inspected throughout its length by means of a mirror and a source of light; a full circle shall appear to the observer, and the pipe or series shall be seen to be unobstructed;

ii) a smooth ball having a diameter of between 12 and 25 millimetres less than the nominal diameter of the pipes shall, when inserted at the higher end of the pipe or series of pipes, roll down without assistance or interruption to the lower end;

iii) before any pipe or series of pipes is covered, all openings of the pipe or series of pipes to be tested having been plugged or sealed, air shall be pumped into the said pipe or series of pipes until a manomic pressure of 100 millimetres of water is indicated, after which without further pumping the said pressure shall remain greater than 75 millimetres for a period of at least 10 minutes;

iv) after all the trenches have been refilled to ground-level, the same test as set out in sub paragraph (iii) shall be applied, except that the stated pressure shall be maintained for 3 minutes;

b) for all plumbing work, before any pipe or series of pipes is covered, all openings of the pipes or series of pipes to be tested having been plugged or sealed, and all traps associated therewith filled with water, air shall be pumped into the pipe or series of pipes until a manomic pressure of 40 millimetres of water is indicated, after which, without further pumping, the said pressure shall remain greater than 25 millimetres for a period of at least 10 minutes.

96. APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

No person shall use any plumbing or sewerage system before a certificate of approval has been issued in terms of section 45 of Chapter 2.